Dietary Modifications of Phospholipid Composition and Biophysical Properties of the Brush Border Membrane Along the Trout Intestine

Brush border membranes (BBM) are isolated from middle and posterior intestine of trout fed either an essential fatty acid-rich diet or a saturated one. The different phospholipid classes are separated, and their fatty acid composition is determined. Fluorescence anisotropy studies are performed using two lipid fluorophores, namely diphenylhexatriene (DPH) and trimethyl-aminodiphenylhexatriene (TMA-DPH). The results indicate that the usual parameters affecting the lipid fluidity such as the phospholipid:protein (PL:PROT), cholesterol:phospholipid (CHOL:PL), and sphingomyelin:phosphatidylcholine (SP:PC) ratios and the unsaturation of the acyl chains are sufficient to explain the fluidity values determined using DPH, but not those obtained with TMA-DPH as a probe. This fluorophore is assessed to be localized only in the external leaflet of the membrane. Hence, it will be affected by the composition of the major phospholipids of this leaflet, sphingomyelin and phosphatidylcholine.     

不同产地雷公藤对巨噬细胞炎性因子的影响

目的:观察不同产地雷公藤对巨噬细胞上清液中炎性因子的影响。方法:收集国内雷公藤药材18批,经提取分离后所得的醇提物经细胞活性检测测定其作用于小鼠骨髓来源巨噬细胞(BMDM)的半数抑制率(IC50),18批样品均以IC50浓度作用BMDM细胞,以Elisa法对各组细胞上清液中的IL-6、IL-10及i NOS的含量进行检测,并通过与柳氮磺吡啶的比较观察各批次对巨噬细胞的影响。结果:安徽亳州产及贵州黔东南自治州雷州县产雷公藤醇提物的巨噬细胞上清液中IL-6及i NOS的含量均显著低于柳氮磺吡啶(P0.05),且其上清液中IL-10的含量均显著高于柳氮磺吡啶(P0.05)。结论:安徽亳州产及贵州黔东南自治州雷州县产雷公藤的醇提物对巨噬细胞的总体抗炎功效优于柳氮磺吡啶,且贵州黔东南自治州雷州县产雷公藤的出膏率最高,可作为雷公藤在治疗类风湿关节炎方面的"道地药材"进行深入的探索与研究。     

Molecular phylogeography of four endemic Sagittaria species (Alismataceae) in the Sino‐Japanese Floristic Region of East Asia

To reveal the role of climate oscillations of the Quaternary in forming the contemporary plant diversity in the temperate Sino‐Japanese Floristic Region of mainland China, we assess the phylogeographical patterns of four Sagittaria species in the region using sequence data from plastid DNA non‐coding regions (psbA‐trnH, the rpl16 intron and trnC‐ycf6) and the internal transcribed spacers of nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrITS). Based on both datasets, the divergence time among the four studied species was estimated to fall in the Late Tertiary (plastid DNA: 7.1–13.7 Mya; ITS: 11.1–16.1 Mya). The ancestral distribution analyses revealed that regions with a great diversity in topography, climate and ecological conditions, e.g. the Hengduan Mountains, Central China and East China, were the areas where the endemics originated. Mismatch distribution analyses revealed that each species had experienced a range expansion in response to Quaternary climatic oscillations. Our findings contradict the hypothesis of Quaternary origins of the endemic Sagittaria spp.; we support the view that modern species in the Northern Hemisphere originated mostly during the Tertiary. Range expansion may have profoundly modified the current distribution ranges of Sagittaria species in the Sino‐Japanese Floristic Region. © 2015 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2016, 180 , 6–20.     

Attitudes toward Post‐Trial Access to Medical Interventions: A Review of Academic Literature,Legislation, and International Guidelines

There is currently no international consensus around post‐trial obligations toward research participants, community members, and host countries. This literature review investigates arguments and attitudes toward post‐trial access. The literature review found that academic discussions focused on the rights of research participants, but offered few practical recommendations for addressing or improving current practices. Similarly, there are few regulations or legislation pertaining to post‐trial access. If regulatory changes are necessary, we need to understand the current arguments, legislation, and attitudes towards post‐trial access and participants and community members. Given that clinical trials conducted in low‐income countries will likely continue, there is an urgent need for consideration of post‐trial benefits for participants, communities, and citizens of host countries. While this issue may not be as pressing in countries where participants have access to healthcare and medicines through public schemes, it is particularly important in regions where this may not be available.     

Effect of polymorphisms in the CD36 and STAT3 genes on different dietary interventions among patients with coronary artery disease: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundCardiovascular disease has become a major health problem, and it has been associated with both environmental and genetic factors. Studies have shown that the Mediterranean Diet (MeDiet), or its components such as nuts and olive oil, may be strongly associated with the improvement of cardiovascular risk factors in specific populations. The purpose of the GENUTRI study is to investigate the interaction of genetics with cardiovascular risk factors in a non-Mediterranean population with coronary artery disease (CAD) according to three different diets: rich in pecan nuts, in extra-virgin olive oil or a control diet.Methods/designThe GENUTRI study is a single-center, randomized, open-label, parallel-group, 12-week pragmatic clinical trial conducted in patients aged 40 to 80 years and diagnosed with CAD. A standardized questionnaire will be applied to data collection and a blood sample will be obtained for lipid, glycemic and inflammatory profile evaluation. Polymorphisms in the CD36 and STAT3 genes will be detected using the TaqMan® SNP Genotyping Assay. Patients will be allocated in three groups: group 1: 30 g/day of pecan nuts; group 2: 30 ml/day of olive oil; and group 3: control diet. The primary outcome will consist of changes in LDL-cholesterol (in mg/dl) after 12 weeks of intervention.DiscussionStudies have shown the beneficial effects of diets rich in nuts and olive oil mainly in the Mediterranean population. GENUTRI is a clinical trial focusing on the effects of nuts or olive oil supplementation in Brazilian individuals. Additionally, we will try to demonstrate that genetic polymorphisms linked to cardiovascular disease may modulate the effects of different diets on biochemical and inflammatory markers among these subjects.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT02202265","term_id":"NCT02202265"}}NCT02202265 (registered on 18 July 2014: first version).     

2016 年9 月美国、欧盟和日本新批准药物概述

2016年9月,美国、欧盟和日本共批准49个新药,包括新分子实体、新有效成分、新生物制品、新增适应证及新剂型药物。对全球首次获得批准的新分子实体、新有效成分、新生物制品进行分析,重点介绍这些药物的临床研究结果和研发历史进程。     

2016 年6 月美国、欧盟和日本新批准药物概述 孙友

2016 年6 月,美国、欧盟和日本共批准21 个新药,包括新分子实体、新有效成分、新生物制品、新增适应证及新剂型药物。 对全球首次获得批准的新分子实体、新有效成分、新生物制品进行分析,重点介绍这些药物的临床研究结果和研发历史进程。